Rituals for contacting or commanding supernatural beings—a section that has led many orthodox scholars to label the book as dangerous or "black magic". Shams Al Ma'arif - sciphilconf.berkeley.edu

Originally titled Shams al-Ma'arif wa Lata'if al-'Awarif , the book is an encyclopedia of "theurgy" (divine magic). Its core topics include:

The Shams al-Ma’arif (The Sun of Knowledge) is arguably the most famous—and infamous—grimoire in the history of the Islamicate world. Attributed to the 13th-century Sufi scholar , the text has long been a source of both fascination and fear. The Current State of English Translations

For centuries, this text was nearly impossible to find in English due to its dense, esoteric Arabic and the taboo nature of its content. Today, while interest is at an all-time high, .

A 2023 translation by Johann Voldemont focuses specifically on the practical instructions for magic squares and talismans found in historical manuscripts.